Procyanidin B3, vicenin2, astilbin, kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-rhamnoside, isoquercitrin, isochlorogenic acid A, rutin, cynaroside, hyperoside, genistein, kaempfeol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, (-)-epicatechin, luteolin, vitexin, oleanolic acid, and isookanin-7-O-glucoside (the purities of all standards were higher than 99 % by HPLC analysis) were purchased from Weikeqi-biotech Co., ltd. (Chengdu, Sichuan, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and 3-[4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

All other chemicals and extraction solvents used were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Ten chemical standards were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co, Ltd. (Sichuan, China), including chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA), isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-diCQA), isochlorogenic acid B (3,4-diCQA), isochlorogenic acid C (4, 5-diCQA), eriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, 5, 7, 4′-trihydroxy-6, 3′, 5′-trimethoxyflavone, eupatilin (purity ≥ 99%). In addition, eriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucuronide was isolated and purified from Jumi in the laboratory (>98%). All of the stock and working standard solutions were stored at 4?°C until used for the experiments.

The reference standards of isorhmnetin (3), diosmetin (6), isochlorogenic acid A (7), kaempferol (10), quercetin (14), isochlorogenic acid C (15), apigenin (19), forsythin (20), chlorogenic acid (23), liquiritin (25), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (26), astragalin (28), luteolin (29), buddleoside (31), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (33), amygdalin (37), caffeic acid (38), forsythoside A (39), glycyrrhizic acid (40), ferulic acid (42), rutin (44), hyperoside (50), and platycodin D (51) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology, Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Mulberry leaf, chrysanthemum, Fructus Forsythiae, licorice, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Platycodi Radix and Phragmitis Rhizoma

Tseng and their structures were fully characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The other standards, namely protocatechuic acid (3,4-DA, R3), rutin (R4), neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA, C1), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA, C2), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA, C3), caffeic acid (CA, C4), isochlorogenic acid B (3,4-CQA, C5), isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-CQA, C6) and isochlorogenic acid C (4,5-CQA, C7) were purchased from the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) or Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Qingjiang, Zhonglu, China) Purity analysis proved to be above 98% by HPLC, and their chemical structures are listed in Figure 7.

purchased from National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA, C1), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA, C3), isochlorogenic acid B (3,4-diCQA, C5), isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-diCQA, C6) and isochlorogenic acid C (4,5-diCQA, C7) were bought from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China). The reference substances of 6-hydroxy-7.7α-dihydrobenzofuran-2(6H)-one (R1), hydroxyl-casein (R2), latifoloside G (K1), kudinoside G (K2), kudinoside A (K3), kudinoside E (R5)

were supplied from Chengdu Pufeide Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). The standards of scutellarin, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, and apigenin were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). The internal standard gallic acid (IS1) was purchased from the National Institute for Control of Pharmaceutical

Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and forsythoside B (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Isoforsythoside, caffeic acid, quinic acid, genistein, luteolin, quercetin, arctigenin, genistin, astragalin, hyperoside, pinoresinol-β-d-glucoside, rutin, isoquercitrin and loganin (98% pure) were

purchased from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (98% pure) was purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. COS (Fig. 3) was all purchased from Qingdao Honghai Bio-tech Co., Ltd.

Chlorogenic acid and tinidazole (using as internal standard, IS) were purchased from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Six Flos Lonicerae extracts (product A-Jin-Yin-Huang extract, product B-Qing-Re-Jie-Du extract, product C-Fufang Qin-lan extract

Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and forsythoside B (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Isoforsythoside (98% pure) was purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Chlorogenic acid and forsythoside A were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China).

All voucher specimens were deposited in our laboratory for future reference. Chlorogenic acid, luteoloside and tinidazole (used as an internal standard, IS) were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China). Caffeic acid, quinic acid, genistein, luteolin, quercetin, genistin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, dipsacoside B, macranthoidin B and loganin (98% pure) were purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China).

4-Caffeoylquinic acid(4-CQA), chlorogenic acid(3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid(3,5-diCQA), loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, dipsacoside B and asperosaponin VI were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co. Chloramphenicol and glycyrrhetinic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co.

authenticated by Prof.Cai Baochang, Director of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. Standard substances were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co located in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, including 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), loganic acid, loganin, and asperosaponin VI.

Standard compounds, including 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, dipsacoside B, and asperosaponin VI were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology. Chloramphenicol and glycyrrhetinic acid were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology. The purity of each standard substance was more than 98%. HPLC-grade acetonitrile was obtained from Merck.

Chlorogenic acid, luteoloside, pillyrin and forsythoside A were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and forsythoside B (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Isoforsythoside, caffeic acid, quinic acid, genistein, luteolin, quercetin, arctigenin, genistin, astragalin, hyperoside, pinoresinol-β-d-glucoside, arctiin, rutin, isoquercitrin, dipsacoside B, macranthoidin B and loganin (98% pure) were purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

Standard substances, including 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), loganic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-diCQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), loganin, sweroside and asperosaponin VI were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co. Dipsacussaponin B, asperosaponin V and dipsacoside A were obtained from Nanjing Shizhou Biological Technology Co. The purity of each standard substance was >98%. Their chemical structures are shown in Supplementary Figure S1.

purchased from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and forsythoside B (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Isoforsythoside, caffeic acid, quinic acid, genistein, luteolin, quercetin, arctigenin, genistin, astragalin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, pinoresinol-β-D-glucoside, arctiin, rutin, dipsacoside B and loganin

purchased from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and forsythoside B (98% pure) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Bio-tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Forsythoside A (98% pure) was purchased from Shanghai Nature Standard Co., Ltd.